John Stuart Mill s Moral Theory Of Utilitarianism

John Stuart Mill wrote on his moral theory of Utilitarianism, which many have refuted by explaining that it failed to respect the dignity and worth of human beings. Mills theory of utility bases an actions morality on its ability to create the maximum amount of happiness. Happiness as described by Mill, is the maximization of pleasure over grief. Some critics have even said that Mill’s theory degraded humans to swine as it belittled morals to come from pleasures of the body that even animals had. Mill defended his theory by stating that human happiness is much more complex than that of swine. I do not believe that Mill’s defense was particularly convincing, and many facets of his theory continue to degrade the dignity, values, and worth of humans. Mill responds to this claim that his theory degrades humans in the very beginning of the chapter as he states, â€Å"Human beings have faculties more elevated than the animal appetites and, when made conscious of them, do not regard anything as happiness which does not include their gratification.† Mill explains that the Epicureans, who preceded him were utilitarian’s but lacked this essential part of their argument. Although he does explain that where they lack in explanation in their arguments, they did make great use of the higher valued pleasures such as intellect above mere sensations. Mill enhances his argument by emphasizing the superiority of mental pleasures over bodily. This is not convincing to me because it is veryShow MoreRelatedThe Contributions Of John Stuart Mill1250 Words   |  5 PagesJohn Stuart Mill was a British philosopher who was born on May 20, 1806 in London, England, to Harriet Burrow and James Mill, a noted economist, philosopher and histori an. James Mill was an educated man who was heavily involved in an early 19th century movement called philosophic radicalism, a school of thought also known as Utilitarianism, which highlighted the demand for a scientific foundation for philosophy, as well as a humanist approach to economics politics. It was this foundation fromRead MoreUtilitarianism, By John Stuart Mill And Utilitarianism880 Words   |  4 PagesMoral theories are sometimes hard to define, but with John Stuart Mill and Utilitarianism it is a little bit easier. Utilitarianism is an easy one, for the reason that it is defined by the greatest happiness for everyone involved. Sometimes it does not always make everyone content, but if you look at it as a whole it makes sense. Mill says that we have to look at the bigger picture. One person’s happiness affects another’s and so on. Utilitarianism is a moral theory that John Stuart Mill, the philosopherRead MoreJohn Forbes Nash Jr.912 Words   |  4 Pa gesJohn Forbes Nash Jr. and John Stuart Mill were both very important economist. John Forbes Nash Jr. was an American mathematician, and an economist. John Mill was a British Philosopher, economist, moral and political theorist, and was the most influential English-speaking philosopher in the nineteenth century. John Forbes Nash Jr. and John Stuart Mill were both very intelligent as young children. John Stuart Mill learned to read as a toddler and began to study Latin at the age of three. John ForbesRead MoreAn Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation by Jeremey Bentham.1026 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Utilitarianism? I believe that utilitarianism is the theory in which actions are right if they produce happiness and wrong if they don’t produce happiness. Happiness is what every human being look forward to. When making a decision, all possible outcomes must be ensured that it will lead to happiness. Utilitarianism is based on the principle of utility .Utilit y is the ability to be useful while satisfying needs. Utilitarianism is generally considered a moral theory that was found by JeremeyRead More Immanuel Kants Ethics Of Pure Duty and John Stuart Mills Utilitarian Ethics Of Justice2753 Words   |  12 PagesGrounding For The Metaphysics of Morals and John Stuart Mills Utilitarianism Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill are philosophers who addressed the issues of morality in terms of how moral traditions are formed. Immanuel Kant has presented one viewpoint in The Grounding For The Metaphysics of Morals that is founded on his belief that the worth of man is inherent in his ability to reason. John Stuart Mill holds another opinion as presented in the book, Utilitarianism that is seemingly in contentionRead MoreUtilitarianism And The Political And Economic Aspects Of Development1493 Words   |  6 PagesUtilitarianism in the political and economic aspects of development has been widely recognized and human social practice plays a huge impact. But the utilitarian always at the place of criticism, misunderstanding. People tend to equate utilitarianism simply with individualism. In fact, the means of utilitarianism not only consider a behaviour and motivation, and to emphasize life purpose should emerge to the scope of his own happiness, to care about other people s h appiness and the improvement ofRead MoreJohn Stuart Mill s On Liberty And Utilitarianism Essay2257 Words   |  10 PagesThis essay examines and inspects liberty and order conflict based on the writings of philosopher John Stuart Mill, titled On Liberty and Utilitarianism. We will discuss how his philosophical views on equality as fundamental to what it means to be human. We will interpret John Stuart Mill’s theorist view on equality as fundamental to the good or bad functioning of the state? The question and debate we would also raise will be, is equality be integral the arrangements of power? Lastly, we wouldRead MoreUse Of Consequentialism, Desire Satisfaction Theory And Objective List Theory1345 Words   |  6 PagesConsequentialism is an approach to Ethics that argues that the morality of an action is reliant on the action s consequence (Mastin, 2008). This theory is based on two main principles, first, that the rightness or wrongness of an act depends solely on th e results of it and secondly, that the better act is the one that produces more good as a consequence. What is meant by consequence here is everything that a certain action brings about, including the action itself. The good end required by an actionRead MoreEssay Kant vs. Mill: Human Rights and Utilitarianism1729 Words   |  7 Pagesshaped by several factors, including philosophical theories in the past. This paper looks at the theories of two philosophers, Emmanuel Kant and John Stuart Mills, and how their teachings can be used to explain the sources of human rights. Kant’s moral philosophy is very direct in its justification of human rights, especially the ideals of moral autonomy and equality as applied to rational human beings. John Stuart Mills’ theory of utilitarianism also forms a solid basis for human rights, especiallyRead MoreThe Mill By John Stuart Mill1537 Words   |  7 PagesJohn Stuart Mill was a famous philosopher and historian. Jeremy Bentham who a dvocated for utilitarianism just like Mill influenced much of Mill’s works. Mill’s works were also greatly influenced by Jeremy Bentham’s brother, Samuel and Mill’s father, James. Mill had many early works prior to his writings on utilitarianism. Mill discusses how to determine right and wrong, but this seems to be an ongoing conflict. Mill believes that in order to prove goodness you must have ethical morals lined up in

Pros and Cons of the Exclusionary Rule Essay Example

Essays on Pros and Cons of the Exclusionary Rule Essay The paper "Pros and Cons of the Exclusionary Rule" is a perfect example of an essay on law. The exclusionary act effectively prevents all sorts of illegal evidence that may lead to imprisonment. The exclusionary act can be considered as â€Å"the only effective tool the judicial branch has to check against illegal searches conducted by police after a crime† (Writing, 2011). The motivation for illegal investigations is obviated when new evidence is denied its way to the court.On the other hand, when something is rejected, the prosecutors have to assemble a lot of evidence because of the exclusionary rule. Consequentially, trials are delayed and the frequency of plea bargains rises which does not happen without additional expenses. Addressing the Supreme Court, Justice Scalia wrote that because of the exclusionary rule, a costly toll is created which is against the enforcement of law and as a result of which, social costs are greatly increased (Writing, 2011). Violence always ex ists whether or not it is discovered in an illegal manner. Many criminals that are guilty of offense roam about the town just because sufficient evidence could not be produced at the trial. The exclusionary rule is in the US but not in the UK. Although the exclusionary rule says, â€Å"no object may be used in court as evidence if obtained illegally or without a proper search warrant† (Oracle ThinkQuest, n.d.). yet jury in the US hardly gets a cop convicted of obtaining the evidence by illegal means. Therefore, the English way does not suit the US. Nevertheless, I personally am against the exclusionary rule and appreciate the way cases are handled in the UK. It is hard to see a criminal moving around free when we are sure he/she did the offense.

Blood Relations Notes free essay sample

Actress (Nance O’Neil) was believed by Emma to have a bad reputation for Lizzie * 6 years after Jekyll and Hyde * Major Theme – Oct 25 * Identity + identification (sympathy) * â€Å"What goes around comes around† **MAJOR THEME * Circularity + repetition + reciprocity * Justice * Criticism of how the domestic is overlooks * Gender/social expectations and critique * Related to how the laundry is overlooked and not important * Ambiguity and challenging youth * Juxtaposition * Freedom + trapped – carousel and mask Appearance on reality – carousel and mask * Childhood vs. adulthood – carousel and mask * Masculine vs. feminine * Family * Identity * How domestic is overlooked * Gender expectations * Relationship between family * Lizzie and her father * Effectiveness of readers * How we judge the characters * Theme: Oct 18 * Have juxtapositioning * between theme of family and isolation * masculine vs. feminine * Family * Love-Hate (for Father and Emma) * What family can do * Influence of parents on their children * Stereotypical family * Aggressive father (who favors one child) Evil stepmother * â€Å"good† girl * Pollock’s emphasis creates friction between Emma and Lizzie that is somewhat artificial (no specific evidence that they had that tension) * Partially fictional because Emma always supported Lizzie * â€Å"bad† girl * Isolation and Desperation (direct proportional between these two) * Largely responsible for creating the sympathy for Lizzie * Desire for independence * Critique of gender roles and societal expectations * She wanted to be more independent and her father wouldn’t let her. We will write a custom essay sample on Blood Relations Notes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page See Lizzie as victim and villain (Pollock want Lizzie to be seen more as a victim) * Appearance vs. Reality * We’re looking from a point where the Actress is trying to be Lizzie and what she thinks what happened * From Actress’s interpretation of what happened * In terms of reputations as well * Communication and silence and secrets (ties closely to family and isolation) * Creates further isolation between family due to secretes * Collage: * Actual fact * Heresay, rumour and gossip * Real characters out of context (Emma, Harry Wingate changed) * Made up details and characters (Pigeons, Dr. Patrick) Lizzie| Emma| * *Different than most girls * +Very strong-willed * *+Daddy’s girl * +Selfish * *Anxious (scared) * +Out spoken * Loves animals * Capable of caring and compassion * +Manipulative * +Territorial * *Unhappy * +Self-righteous * **She feels trapped/powerless * **She is ignored more she wants attention * * **Isolated (brings this onto herself) * Lizzie is a stereotypical bully * She doesn’t feel good enough to deserve love and affection from her father, so she acts out and emands love because of fear * Incredibly vulnerable | * Prevents father from giving in to Lizzie * Doesn’t insist on her right to be heard, and power * Constantly struggling for power but doesn’t want power * â€Å"good girl† * | *feels sorry for her. **important points. */** lack of power and control. +associated with power and control. * â€Å"Daddy’s girl† can be both. Her desire to be powerful is impeded by her father. But she also wants him to be happy. * He is most happy when she gives up her power. But she wants him to be happy so she gives up her power * Trapped, selfish and vulnerable are the most important characteristics * Can be really dangers and unpredictable * Lizzie asks for a house, jobs, farm, etc. to try to release tension of trapped + selfish + vulnerable to avoid getting to a point of danger (murder) * P. 62~ shift of wanting to die her being unique and â€Å"precious and unique† and she deserves to live (big shift of emotions) * Lizzie is capable of making decision, plan it through and she is aware of the choices she makes. Trying to justify her action. That her life is better than theirs. * â€Å"You’re a coward† – she made her decision and is trying to get him to approve and back up her decision * She wanted him to leave so that she can go through with her plan because she knows he won’t help her. * Both Lizzie and Emma are victims (Lizzie and Emma’s conversation p. 49-51) * Emma : knows they’re going to lose the fight. * Lizzie wants Emma to convince her father that they are â€Å"real people† * Emma is okay with living being trapped and Lizzie wants her freedom.

Crime Place and Pollution The Social Activists

Question: Describe about the Crime Place and Pollution for The Social Activists. Answer: Summarising Assessment 1 Lisa Millers article titled Black Activists Dont Ignore Crime was published in The New York Times[1] was a strong rebuke on the social activists who advocate the atrocities and brutalities committed by the police on the black population of America, without taking into account the factual position of the social structure under which such crimes are being committed by the black people. These social activists are also looking at one side of the coin and are not actually taking into consideration the purpose of these crimes and the reason why only black people are involved, (Eck Eck, 2012). A large number of social organisations have come into existence at the grass-root level but most of these have been founded by bereaved black women related to a victim of the hate-crime, as this is known in the social circles, political arenas and administrative beehives. One such movement, known as Mothers in Charge, though is relatively a small organisation, but it is gaining support in Los Angeles, St. Louis and many other cities. But the irony is that such activism dies out a natural death and is rarely seen under the national headlines. Even if it does grab a few headlines, like the Mothers Against Senseless Killings, a Chicago based anti-violence group, the coverage is usually short lived, (Eck Eck, 2012). The biggest reason why these groups are able to grab so little attention is because the communities which start the protest against violence, have been generally found to be lacking in economic and political resources which are so essential for engaging with the elite news media or for hiring state level lobbyists or at the national level. The access factor of these small groups is restricted to the level of the local mayors staff or the city council members, the district attorneys or other city officials, (Eck Eck, 2012). Analysing the Article In the summary provided above, the full impact of the article and its contents cannot be ascertained. It was also noted that the article in itself was not covering all the concerned aspects of the topic, which gives the impression that the article is about the grievances, problems and social hardships being faced by the black people in America. I do agree with this. The article does, in all its reflective references, concentrate only on the plight and deprivation of the black community. It should have given a better insight into the living conditions, the economic hardships and the social inequalities being faced by this community. Moreover, a more detailed outline and comparison should have been drawn between the black community and the white community. Also necessary was a comparison between the life style of the white community and the black communities, (Sparrow, 2000). I have come across an article titled Knowledge Transfer in Action: Crime Reduction through a Regulatory Approach written by James Royan[2] and John E. Eck[3]. As the name of the article suggests, the authors have tried to present a retrospective view of the authorities when dealing with criminal activities in a civilised society. I could easily related their views with my learnings from my course work on The Meaning of Crime: Social Structure Perspective. In this course work, I got the opportunity to learn about the impact which the environment, socialization and our surroundings are able to create on the criminality in our social structure, (Sparrow, 2000). On the same note, Royan and Eck have touched upon the four main perspectives which are prevailing in contemporary criminology: Legalistic Legally, crime is considered to be that human conduct which is in violation of the criminal laws of a state or federal government or of a provincial or local jurisdiction which has the power to make these laws. Political Politically, crime is considered in terms of the power structures which are existent in the society. In this context, all Criminal Laws of the land are not related to the popular notions of right and wrong which are inherent in the society. Sociological Sociology defines crime as an antisocial act which needs to be repressed in order to preserve the existing system of social harmony. Psychological Psychologists believe that crime is a behavioural problem, which raises the difficulties which are contrary to the broader and acceptable social arrangements of the society, (Grabosky, 2011). I have come across statistical lapses which are encountered while collecting data. It was noticed that only those crimes are included in the UCR (Uniform Crime Reporting Survey), which are reported to police. Sexual assault was the most unreported crime in UCR and was showing the inconsistency in the reporting methods of the police. The police only resorted to counting of the incidents of crime. Hence, these resulted in Dark Figure of Crime which considered of unreported and under-reported criminal activities in the society, (Grabosky, 2011). Conclusion It is not out of place to mention that there are Three Main Theoretical Positions connected with crime Social Structure Perspective Crime is considered to be the result of an individuals location within the social structure. Social Process Perspective Crime results from the inappropriate socialization and learning process of the individual. Social Conflict Perspective Crime happens because of the individuals struggle within the group and class to which it belongs. This leads us to believe that crime has three main categories: Violent Crimes Property Crimes Crimes which are against public order In conclusion, it will not be inappropriate to say that crime cannot be discussed singularly, but has to be considered in the whole perspective of the social fibre of the society. We must take into consideration all the six elements discussed in the conclusion while taking any decision with regard to a specific section of the society. List of References: Eck, J. E., Eck, E. B. (2012). Crime place and pollution: Expanding crime reduction options through a regulatory approach. Criminology and Public Policy 11(2): 281-316. Grabosky, P. (2011). On the interface of criminal justice and regulation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Sparrow, M. (2000). The regulatory craft: Controlling risks, solving problems, and managing compliance. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.

The History Of Pi Essays - Pi, Approximations Of,

Pi The History of Pi A little known verse in the bible reads ?And he made a molten sea, ten cubits from the one brim to the other; it was round all about, and his height was five cubits; and a line of thirty cubits did compass it about(I Kings 7, 23).? This passage from the bible demonstrates the ancient nature of the irrational number pi. Pi in fact is mentioned in a number of verses throughout the bible. In II Chronicles 4,2, in the passage describing the building of the great temple of Solomon which was built around 950BC, pi is given as equal to three. This value is not very accurate at all and should not even be considered accurate for it's time, however it should be noted that precision was not needed for the task that was being performed and we should let the general concept of pi that the biblical characters posses impress us. Present knowledge suggests that the concept of pi first developed in 2000 BC in two separate cultures. The Babylonians used pi at a value of 25/8 while an entirely different culture, the ancient Egyptians used pi at a value of 256/81. While the biblical calculation of pi=3 most likely came from crude measurement, there is strong reason to believe, because of the relative accuracy of the values, that the Babylonians and Egyptians found pi by means of mathematical equations. In the Egyptian Rhind Papyrus, which is dated around 1650 BC, there is strong evidence supporting that the Egyptians used 4(8/9)2 =3.16 for their value of pi. At that point in history, and for the majority of modern history, pi was not seen as an irrational number as it is today. The next culture that investigated pi was the ancient Greeks. Starting in 434 BC Greeks were unraveling the mysteries of pi. The mathematician Anaxagoras made an unsuccessful attempt at finding pi, which he called squaring the circle and in 414 BC, 20 years after Anaxagoras failed in his attempt to square the circle, Aristophanes refers to the work of Anaxagoras in his comedy ?The Birds?. It took over 100 years for the Greeks to finally find a value for pi. In 240 BC Archimedes of Syracuse showed that 223/71*pi*22/7. Archimedes knew, what so many people today do not, that pi does not equal 22/7 and he made no claim to have discovered the exact value of pi. However if we take the average of his two bounds we obtain pi=3.1418, which was an error of about 0.0002. Archimedes found the most accurate value of pi up to that time and his value would be used exclusively until the next discovery in the world of pi. The next major finding concerning pi did not occur in the western world, but in China by Tsu Chung-chi'h who approximated pi at 355/113 in 480 AD. Next to nothing except for this work is known about Tsu Chung-chi'h's life but it is very unlikely that he had any awareness of Archimedes work. We shall now notice how during the dark ages of Europe, the lead in the research of pi is passed to the East. Aryabhata, working on his own in Persia without any outside information in 515 AD was able to approximate pi to 3 decimal places. A mathematician from Baghdad named Al'Khwarizimi worked with pi however the most accurate finding of pi to date was found even more east in Samarkand by Al-Khashi. In 1430 AD he approximated pi to 16 decimal places, the most to date. His work however, would be the last of note from the east as the European Renaissance brought about a whole new mathematical world. The first notable discovery in the approximation of pi from the European Renaissance was by Viete in 1593 AD. He expressed pi as an infinite product by using only 2's and square roots. In 1610 Ludolph van Ceulen demonstrated the new thought coming out of the Renaissance by calculating pi to 35 decimal places. Around the same time, Snell refined Archimedes's method of calculating pi, and Snell's work was used by Grienberger to calculate pi to 39 decimal places in 1630. In 1655 Wallis showed that pi/2=2/1*2/3*4/3*4/5*6/5*6/7*8/7*8/9..... The 18th centuary brought about great

NGOs and Environmental politics

NGOs and Environmental politics Introduction Generally, human beings attach great importance to the environment since their means of living and quality of life rely on it. As the environmental threats increases, so do the attempts to safeguard environmental values[1].Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on NGOs and Environmental politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Environmental politics are interested in the manner in which individuals arrange themselves systematically and configure activities to defend their interest in the environment. It takes into account the vibrancy of social movements, organizations and state machineries, and how they work together[2]. The subject of environmental conservation poses an exceptional test to politics. Among them is the transnational nature of the ecological trend. In other words, environmental processes go beyond national boundaries. For example, countries along the coastal line share the same waters an d fish stocks[3]. Conflicts and apathy have often emerged due to disparities in regional or international environmental concerns and the current political structures and boundaries (Walters, 2004, p. 2). The gains of economic development characteristically accrue to one country or region, yet the negative environmental impact of such development is normally transferred to another country or region, in terms of polluted air and water. This provides less motivation to control pollution from its origin. In addition, the administration may be less obliged to impose penalties on the industries concerned when it is clear that the pollution takes place outside their jurisdiction[4]. History has shown that political engagements in ecological affairs are capricious and diminishes with time, and development varies from additional to groundbreaking depending on the background and prospect[5]. One analyst once described the history of global environmental action as a target that appears impossi ble to achieve at the moment. For the above reasons, environmental politics have always relied strongly on chronological and case study analysis[6]. This research paper will explore the role played by Non-Governmental Organizations (NGO’s) in environmental matters and explain why they are the best to deal with global environmental challenges. First, the study will start by examining the chronology of NGO’s in matters of environmental politics. The research will be based on different premises and concepts and key arguments between different authors and their academic positions.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Chronology of environmentalist NGO’s In order to acknowledge the significance of NGO in global environmental actions it is important to understand what an NGO is because a wide range of entities exist. According to Hrabanski and others, organizations vary in accordance with the size, composition, sources of funds, beliefs, goals, operational scope and activities[7]. DolÃ… ¡ak defines an NGO as private, non profit-making, professional entity with a characteristic official character, concerned with the general well being of the people and societal goals. Societal goal in this case relates to issues of environment, whereas characteristic official character relates refers to official registration[8]. The history of NGOs is somehow ambiguous. The first NGOs were created by elite conservationist in U.S and Europe to prevent extinction of certain animal species and to idealize environment[9]. They assumed an ethical politics of environmental change by emphasizing on how the environment is supposed to look like through art and literature and advocating for the conservation of natural ecosystem. For example, Sutter shows in his description of the wilderness movement how the Americans in the early 20th century fe ared the use of automobiles in wilderness excursion. In other words, they feared that the use of automobiles will lead to exploration of remote areas and degradation of the forest. In addition, the creation of conservation NGOs reflected the societal response towards ecological destruction under the capitalism[10]. In the mid 20th century, the ecological concerns together with the emerging generational activists transformed the movement, thus providing a fresh meaning to NGOs. The new NGOs became green thinkers, which was ostensibly the organizational expression of political progress. Many literatures tended to analyze this new thinking in terms of green philosophy and often in a principled manner. This is because NGO’s formed during this era had to confront numerous environmental challenges. For example, Greenpeace (established in 1971 in Toronto, Canada) and Friends of the Earth (established in the late 1960s in U.S) captured the world attention in their campaigns to stop W haling and proliferation of nuclear weapons respectively. In addition, those who were involved in such campaigns were very youthful, energetic and confrontational. Generally, the new NGO’s were viewed as an embodiment of radical forms of environmentalism. They started as small groups of protesters to become colossal global entities that fought nearly all environmental challenges. A number of authors catalogued how these NGO’s had transformed into international protest organizations[11].Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on NGOs and Environmental politics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many academicians shun such literatures; yet they often share the fundamental assumption regarding the dogmatic significance of these organizations as the foundation of contemporary environmentalism. Some of the writers have explained the growth in NGO’s on political movements and demonstration influenced by models egalitarianism, mobilization of resources and traits of a social pressure group[12]. Nowadays, NGO’s have changed in structure and practice. Most of their activities are currently centred on people’s means of living and acknowledging the linkage between people and the environment. The model examples are Philippine Non-Governmental Organizations which have been vocal on matters pertaining to sustainable development. In addition, the current NGOs have usually played the role of civil society. For this reason, NGOs have become ideological actors that promote social justice and democracy[13]. A number of authors have probed the political innovativeness and vibrancy of the NGO-led civil society that advances novel forms of interaction between communities and the environment. Their studies acknowledge the significant role played by the NGO in the conservation and protection of international priceless ecological public goods. In addition, they recognize the role played by NGO’s in the transformation of transnational relations through civil action and global environmental treaties[14]. Suitability of NGO’s in environmental politics Even though the arguments that the nation states are slowly losing their significance are impulsive, the influence of NGO’s in the global arena is growing at an alarming rate. There is no other field of politics that NGOs have gained more influence than in the field of environmental politics. Many NGOs nowadays command huge amounts of resources and have a large pool of knowledgeable and very much trained professional staff. In addition, they have a huge network across the globe[15]. These NGO’s wield massive influence on matters of public policy both locally and internationally. Whether these policies are in the form of the provision of clean water to local communities, investigating the environmental activities of large transnational corporations, or representing the interest of the underpri vileged at major conferences, the role of the NGOs can no longer be ignored. As a matter of fact, NGOs are exhibiting a growing eagerness to circumvent state structures to represent matters of great concern. They normally pick up where state actors have failed or are still hesitant[16]. Political and environmental experts foresee the role of NGOs in environmental politics increasing in the future[17]. In the last four decades, the world has witnessed an unprecedented increase in unconditional trade and in some cases the economic size of transnational corporations has surpassed the GDP of foreign countries in which they operate.Advertising Looking for research paper on environmental studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In the current competitive global market, some governments have appeared to bend investment laws to attract foreign investment, that is, they often embrace market-based and non-mandatory approaches. At the same time, external pressures to match the domestic standards and regulations with the international policies are increasing. As a result, the reconciliation of these standards and regulations with environmental matters has become a major challenge for national government. Particularly, the management of the effects of trade and investment on the environment has become very challenging for less industrialized nations. This necessitates the role of NGOs in the global environmental protection[18]. Additionally, less developed economies are justifiably keen to attract foreign investors in their country, but feeble institutions and lack of political good will mean that environmental standards and regulations will not be strictly enforced. On a positive note, transnational corporations normally bring with them state of the art technologies which are more environmentally friendly than the local ones. However, the tempo of economic transformation in the less developed economies is shocking and devastating in its effects[19]. Furthermore, environmental and development challenges facing the emerging economic powers like India and China is worrying the international community. At the moment, the Western nations are not certain of their future without the involvement of these countries in the global environmental protection and conservation[20]. The local and international courts have become a battleground between the NGOs and the government on environmental matters. Irritated over alleged backtracking by the regimes on environmental obligations, NGOs have often used the legal channel to pressurize the government to apply the current laws on environmental protection and more uncompromisingly take legal action against the lawbreakers. In addition, they have been using t he courts as an arbitrator of crucial constitutional matters, for instance, the rights of citizens to clean environment[21]. According to Dobson, the government has taken several actions to tackle the current environmental challenges. In the 60s and 70s, the strategy used was based on stringent regulatory measures, where standards are set and implementation is backed by stern warnings. This approach proved to be successful and mainly relied on the use of eco-friendly technologies. However, with the competitive pressure of liberalization, governments were forced to come up with strategies that are bendable and less costly. This is why the NGOs have recently become more popular since they make sure that the governments do not go to an extreme level in trying to woo the investors at the expense of environmental protection and conservation[22]. Last but not least, NGOs have recently adopted consumer boycotts as a strategy to amend organizational and statutory policies and some, for inst ance, Greenpeace, have set their own standards for certain products[23]. To sum up, the research paper was to a certain extent selective in its coverage-after all, environmental politics is a new but broad and complex subject. At the risk of trying to be as simple as possible, the study explored the NGO as an actor in environmental politics and their growing popularity in the environmental matters. Nonetheless, NGOs also have a couple of flaws. A number of them have often used the public to attain cheap publicity. In addition, NGO’s have been used to siphon money from foreign donors by corrupt individuals and terrorist organizations. All in all, the role played by the NGOs in socioeconomic, environmental, and political matters cannot be underestimated[24]. Conclusion Over the last 50 years, environmental subjects have been in the central state of major discussions. This is attributed to the fact that human beings attach great importance to the environment since their means of living and quality of life rely on it. In addition, conflicts and apathy have often emerged due to disparities in regional or international environmental concerns and the current political structures and boundaries. As a result, attempts to safeguard environmental values have been on the increase. There are numerous actors in the field of environmental politics; however, NGOs have become the most prominent. This is because they command huge amounts of resources, have a large pool of knowledgeable and well trained professional staff, and have a huge network across the globe. In addition, the NGOs normally represent the poor and underprivileged at the global arena. Locally, the NGOs have gained popularity because they have taken the role of the civil society and currently acting as government watchdogs in socioeconomic, political, and environmental matters. In the current competitive global market, some governments tend to bend investment laws to attract foreign investment, that is, they often embrace market-based and non-mandatory approaches. The NGOs make sure that the governments do not go to an extreme level trying to woo the investors at the expense of environmental protection and conservation. They have been driving their agenda in the street, in the forums and in the court of law. Even though they have been criticized from different quotas for a number of vices, the role played by NGOs in both local and global environmental politics cannot be underestimated. Bibliography Adams, W M J, Hutton, ‘People, parks and poverty: political ecology and biodiversity conservation,’ Conservation and Society, vol. 5, 2007, pp. 147–183. Barry, J EG, Frankland, International encyclopedia of environmental politics, London Routledge, 2002. BÃ ¶hmelt, T C, Betzold, ‘The impact of environmental interest groups in international negotiations: Do NGOs induce stronger environmental commitments?’ International Environmental Agreements: Politic s, Law and Economics, vol.13, no.2, 2013, pp. 127-151. DolÃ… ¡ak, N, ‘Climate Change Policies in the Transitional Economies of Europe and Eurasia: The Role of NGOs’, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 24, no. 2, 2013, pp. 382-824. Dryzek, J S D, Schlosberg, Debating the earth: The environmental politics Reader, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998. Hall, NL R, Taplin, ‘Environmental Nonprofit Campaigns and State Competition: Influences on Climate Policy in California’, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 21, no.1, 2010, pp. 62-81. Hrabanski, M, C, Bidaud, J, Le Coq P, MÃ ©ral, ‘Environmental NGOs, policy entrepreneurs of market-based instruments for ecosystem services? A comparison of Costa Rica, Madagascar and France’, Forest Policy and Economics, vol. 37, 2013, pp.124-132. Sutter, P S, Driven wild: how the fight against automobiles launched the modern wilderness movement, Seattle, WA, University of Washington Press, 2002. Dobson, A, Green political thought, 4th edn, London, UK, Routledge, 2007. Vig, NJ ME Kraft, Environmental policy: New directions in the 21st century, 5th edn, Washington, D.C, Congressional Quarterly Press, 2002. Vormedal, I, The Influence of Business and Industry NGOs in the Negotiation of the Kyoto Mechanisms: the Case of Carbon Capture and Storage in the CDM, Global Environmental Politics, vol. 8, no. 4, 2010, pp.36-65. Weyler, R, Greenpeace: the inside story, Vancouver, Canada, Raincoast Books, 2004. Walters, BB, Environmental Politics, Mount Allison University, Sackville, 2004. Footnotes BB, Walters, Environmental Politics, Sackville, Mount Allison University, 2004. JS, Dryzek D, Schlosberg, Debating the earth: The environmental politics Reader, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998. J,Barry EG, Frankland, International encyclopedia of environmental politics, LondonRoutledge, 2002. J,Barry EG, Frankland, International enc yclopedia of environmental politics, London Routledge, 2002. JS, Dryzek D, Schlosberg, Debating the earth: The environmental politics Reader, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998. Ibid. M, Hrabanski, C, Bidaud, J, Le Coq P, MÃ ©ral, ‘Environmental NGOs, policy entrepreneurs of market-based instruments for ecosystem services? A comparison of Costa Rica, Madagascar and France’, Forest Policy and Economics, vol. 37, 2013, pp.124-132. N, DolÃ… ¡ak, ‘Climate Change Policies in the Transitional Economies of Europe and Eurasia: The Role of NGOs’, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 24, no. 2, 2013, pp. 382-824. WM, Adams J, Hutton ‘People, parks and poverty: political ecology and biodiversity conservation,’ Conservation and Society, vol. 5, 2007, pp. 147–183. PS, Sutter, Driven wild: how the fight against automobiles launched the modern wilderness movement, Seattle, WA, University of Washington Press, 2002. R, Weyler, Greenpeace: the inside story, Vancouver, Canada, Raincoast Books, 2004. Ibid. T, BÃ ¶hmelt C, Betzold, ‘The impact of environmental interest groups in international negotiations: Do NGOs induce stronger environmental commitments?’ International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics, vol.13, no.2, 2013, pp. 127-151. I, Vormedal, The Influence of Business and Industry NGOs in the Negotiation of the Kyoto Mechanisms: the Case of Carbon Capture and Storage in the CDM, Global Environmental Politics, vol. 8, no. 4, 2010, pp.36-65. I, Vormedal, The Influence of Business and Industry NGOs in the Negotiation of the Kyoto Mechanisms: the Case of Carbon Capture and Storage in the CDM, Global Environmental Politics, vol. 8, no. 4, 2010, pp.36-65. T, BÃ ¶hmelt C, Betzold, ‘The impact of environmental interest groups in international negotiations: Do NGOs induce stronger environmental commitments?’ International Environmental Agreements: P olitics, Law and Economics, vol.13, no.2, 2013, pp. 127-151. NJ, Vig ME Kraft, Environmental policy: New directions in the 21st century, 5th edn, Washington, D.C, Congressional Quarterly Press, 2002. NL, Hall R, Taplin 2010, ‘Environmental Nonprofit Campaigns and State Competition: Influences on Climate Policy in California’, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 21, no.1, 2010, pp. 62-81. M, Hrabanski, C, Bidaud, J, Le Coq P, MÃ ©ral, ‘Environmental NGOs, policy entrepreneurs of market-based instruments for ecosystem services? A comparison of Costa Rica, Madagascar and France’, Forest Policy and Economics, vol. 37, 2013, pp.124-132. Ibid. N, DolÃ… ¡ak, ‘Climate Change Policies in the Transitional Economies of Europe and Eurasia: The Role of NGOs’, International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations, vol. 24, no. 2, 2013, pp. 382-824. A, Dobson, Green political thought, 4th edn, London, UK, Routledg e, 2007. Ibid. JS, Dryzek D, Schlosberg, Debating the earth: The environmental politics Reader, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1998.

Referencing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Referencing - Essay Example Secondly, points of view also vary greatly within a given piece of written work. While some points of view agree within a given subject matter, others disagree in one way or another. In this respect, referencing comes in to cite differences between points of view. The third reason why references are used in writing is to strengthen a study. Past research that leads up to current technical or academic writing enhances the topic of study. Here, referencing captures previous research findings or outcomes that are relevant to the insights the writer wants to present. Finally, referencing is used to direct readers to the original source of cited information. Readers may want to refer to the original source following the contents of technical or academic writing. Referencing, therefore, acts as the bridge between readers and the main source of cited information. Technical writing is critical to the success of an engineer. In technical writing, engineers reference in various areas and for different reasons. The first area where engineers use referencing in technical writing is in defining terms used in product descriptions. Products designed by engineers often carry terms that are difficult for the layman level of understanding. For this reason, engineers need to define all terms that are not commonly used in day-to-day language. In the process, they may need to reference the source of such definitions or acknowledge the original text from which information is derived. Technical reports constitute the second area where engineers use referencing. Before an engineering project is approved for implementation, series of tests could be conducted and the results computed. These tests and result computations are followed by a professional report to the relevant personnel. To prove the validity and the credibility of such reports, engineers need to cite the different methods, analysis, and procedures employed in the testing process. This may

Politcal Science Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Politcal Science - Essay Example On 20.7.1962, President Kennedy made a statement signing Bill Accelerating the Development of the Pacific Islands Trust Territory and the statement was an expression of happiness and satisfaction2 as he was concerned about it prior to becoming President. The President, hailed as a visionary, had nothing against the law and hoped for best results. On 12th August 1998, President Clinton made a statement3 "These are tough times for many American farmers. We must continue to look for ways to help our farm communities get through them." This statement finds the President in total agreement with Congress and he was merely showing his concern and compassion that might lead to further actions to fortify the present law. So, Presidents make them only they have strong feelings about a certain law and involved in it in one way or other. There had been various remarks on recent presidential signing statements. Gregory Borse proclaims that Presidential signing is not 'bypassing law'4. According to him, 'it accrues extra-constitutional powers of the President to the executive branch'. Technically speaking, it is a note that the President makes after signing, a token of his involvement. Or simply calls attention to an aspect of the bill that President believes to be in violation of Constitution. Signing statement could be used as a weapon against the encroachments of Congress on Executive authority.

Developing an Alternative Strategy Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 99

Developing an Alternative Strategy - Case Study Example Dubai One has an experienced workforce. After being in existence for a very long time, the subordinates have gained enough experience on how to retain the competitive advantage of the company in the market. The company does not focus on customer relationship management. Instead, it focuses more on the revenues and how to suppress the competitors. This can be used by the competitors to attract the attention of the customers towards their services. The cost structure is not effective. The business model being used by the firm which is based on selling half-hour slots of commercial time to program producers and charging them with a minimum guarantee is not effective and sustainable in the modern market. The internal factor is the most significant for the existence of the business. With the increasing levels of globalization resulting from the liberalization of markets, efficient flow of information and integration of economies, the firm needs to sort out the internal factor if it has to remain competitive. An alternative strategy would be to merge with one of the firms in order to strengthen the company in the market. Through the new firm that would emerge through merging, the company should change its competitive strategies by adopting the new tactics that were used by the private firm. This would strengthen the company’s position in the market. Acquiring new employees who were in the private sector would enhance the company’s chances of privatizing its operations. I think the proposed alternative is the best because it will allow the company to evolve and diversify its operations. At the moment, the company is rigid to changes and relies on its tactics on program producers to retain its competitive edge. However, the new proposal will make the firm use its funds more efficiently through expanding its operations to the untapped market.

Shock Advertising Effective Way To Develop Social Awareness Media Essay

Shock Advertising Effective Way To Develop Social Awareness Media Essay Mass Media is the fundamental tool in the information society. In general, Mass Media can be defined as a message sent to a lot of people simultaneously; it is the vehicle to transmit information to an audience which is most of the time, heterogeneous regarding sex, age, religion, socio-economical level, etc. Nowadays, there are several kinds of Mass Media such as the radio, the television and the newspapers etc which deliver the information through audio, visual or audio visual channels. Lets think about the function of the Mass media! It is clear that one of the main function that they fulfill is to keep people acknowledge about the most current events that happen around the world both nationally and internationally, but it is the only one function that they have?-the answer is obvisoly no;Mass Media fulfill many functions in our society , but now I am going to mention only the most important ones which are :1)inform, 2) Surveillance,3)Service the economic system ,4)Entertain 5)Hold the society together 5)Persuade , etc. Now, I want to focus myself on the third and the fifth function because they are very connects into each other. Lets analyze the following situation : economic system in any country depends on a key element called consumers, so if there are not consumers , I mean , people who buy the products and services that the market offers(food , clothes, electro domestics, etc) it could be possible that an area of the economic system suffers a crisis. If it oc curs one of the most effective way to encourage people to buy, would the use of the Mass Media as persuasive technique .So as I you see, economic system and persuasion are elements closely connected. Nowadays, one of the strongest tools that Mass Media use to persuade is Adverting. , Advertising is the attempt to inform and persuade a large number of people with a single communication (Longman, 1971). Advertising is about delivering controlled messages to many people simultaneously and at a low cost per message (Wilmshurst, 1985).The main feature of the ads is that they are created in an attractive manner for the viewers. Most of the advertisement that we watch or listen to are created for an economic purpose; they offer products and services in order to persuade the audience to buy them. But, they also can be focused on promoting certain ideas in relation with controversial topics that are currently affecting our society. At the same time they deliver information, they also dissuade people to purchase their behavior and to develop awareness in regards to social issues (heath, politics, social and environmental issues etc): in this category can be found the so- called Shock advertisements. This name refers to particular features that this type of advertising ha s such as that are controversial, disturbing , explicit and crass at the time to deliver the message( ). They also apply certain tactics to persuade their audience which are mainly, fear, guilty, compassion, etc. That way, the combination of those feelings in an announcement is supposed to work well to. But does it really work? Is shock advertising an effective way to develop social awareness? or are they just a manner of offending people? Shock ads can be effective depending on the way they appeals to audiences feelings. Shock ads appeal to the deepest feelings of fear, guilty, sadness, disgust, etc .So, they used to work with impacts images that usually show the consequences of approaching behavior.Currently, one of the most common examples of shock advertisements are related to lethal diseases that are affecting strongly to the society such as HIV, Breast cancer, diseases caused by the excessive use of cigarettes etc .Lets think in this last one, the use of cigarettes. In our society is has become very that people start smoking to early age and continue smoking during all their life. This excessive usage of cigarettes can cause serious diseases such Lung cancer and other health problems which decrease the quality of peoples life. Smoking is a dangerous vice which can end with peoples death. So, what do advertisers do to develop awareness in regard to this issue? They resort to the persuasion through the creation of shock ads which show impacts images about the negative effects of smoking in people parts of body like teeth, mouth, trachea, lungs etc. Even though, these images can impact to the audience, they also need to produce change in peoples behavior so they need to appeal to the precise feeling to obtain positive results. According to researchers in the United States, in order for anti-smoking adverts to be effective they must either scare or disgust the audience. A study by researchers at the University of Missouri has revealed that ads which have a combination of both fear and disgust content decrease viewers attention and memory but those which focus on one or the other, increased attention in viewers. But, to be honest, the fact that these images attract the viewers attention and impact them is a guarantee that they will change their behaviors and will stop smoking? And what happen when the audience becomes accustomed to see those kinds of ads? Does it cause the hopeful results? In 2009, several researches were carried out to pro the effectiveness of shocking advertisements in Great Britain and according to Professor Alex Gardner, a chartered psychotherapist and psychologist, shocking ads traditionally worked however, if the same tactics and the same message are being used all the time, and then it will only become wallpaper to a person. So, as this research shows, using the same images and tactics all the time for communicating messages to the audience doesnt work very well. Now, lets analyze what happen with the case of shock advertisement used for anti- smoking campaigns. They used to work with images that show the negatives effects of smoking in peoples body parts: damaged teeth, gory lungs, etc. That way, with the purpose of keeping peoples interest and for they dont become desensitized, advertisers use another images which are also shocking but in a different way: for example, showing pictures where a child is smoking a cigarette and is saying: I wanna be like you .What does this ad communicate? Essentially, it also talks about the consequences of smoking but through of a new message which is not as explicit as the images of damaged part of the body .This message makes people realize that when they smoke , they damage not only their heath but also theirs children heath. As Andy Nairn, the executive planning di- rector of Miles Cal crafts Briginshaw Duffy in Great Britain. Says:By featuring extreme, shocking images, youre giving people a get-out clause, making them think: I m not that bad. Shock stimuli influence in a positive way the comprehension of the messages and increase retention of them in the viewers. There are three levels of shock in advertising: visceral shock, intellectual shock, and for lack of a better term, soul shock (Bruce Grierson, 1998). So, when an audience watches a shock ad about a specific issue (social, health, environmental, etc) one of these three levels will react. Although shock advertising is effective as they attract peoples attention and facilitate retention in the viewers, they can also be people in several ways. What is more, in one of theirs definition Venkat and Abi Hanna said, shock advertising appeal and, indeed shock, is regarded as, and advertisement that deliberately offends its audience. Lets analyze what kind of offences shock ads can elicit to the audience that watch or listen to them. The offences are closely in relation with violating norms either social or religious which should not be broken up. But, what is norm violation? According to Baron and Byrne (1997), is the violation of shared expectations within a social group, of their rules what is acceptable what is unacceptable. That way, shock ads show both certain messages and images that break these norms in many ways. There are a lot of manners that advertisers can offend their audience which are :obscenity, sexual references, profanity , vulgarity ,religious taboos , etc . There are many ways in which shock ads offend people ,specially, social and religious organizations. Members of Catholic religion have been strongly offended by the images that shock ads show,. One of the most reminded ads is called kissing-nun sensual kiss with the sacred vows pronounced by men and women who enter religious orders. This advertisement caused a high impact in the viewers who are encoring to refuse the ideas and beliefs of Catholicism. This offended in a terrible way the whole catholic community. So, the use of this ad was finally banned. But lets think in the final purpose of this ad , it try to bring awareness or it is just trying to promote ideas against the Catholicism. It actually does not have a real purpose. Taking all in consideration, we are living in a society which is constantly receiving lot information. This information is delivered by the Mass Media which can be defined as a message sent to a lot people simultaneously .It is the vehicle to deliver information to the audience which is most of the time heterogeneous.Mass media is a key tool in the knowledge and information society because it fulfills several functions such as: :1)inform, 2) Surveillance,3)Service the economic system ,4)Entertain 5)Hold the society together 5)Persuade , etc.There are of these functions which are closely related: they are the economic system and to persuade. Economic system of any country depends in a direct way of a key element called costumers, that is to say, people who buy the products and services that the market offers. If there are not buyers it is probably that an economical crisis occurs. Therefore, it is necessary that exist something which encourages people to buy: Something or someone that persuade people. This is the role of a technique called advertising. Advertising is the attempt to inform and persuade a large number of people with a single communication (Longman), 1971).It needs to be created in a very attractive manner to attract audiences attention and persuade people for they to buy the products and services that the ad offers. But, ads not also offer products and services but also they promote ideas regard to social issues that are affecting our society. In that category we can find a special type of advertising which is called shock advertising. This type of ads has become very popular in our society because of the particular tactics that they use to attract the attention of the viewers. In few words, shock ads are disturbing, controversial and crass at the time to deliver the messages. They use the shock factor in order to impact their audience for influencing behavioral changes. But does it work? It is shock advertising an effective to develop social awar eness? Shock ads use the shock factor which a very strong tool at the time to attract the attention. Shock factor cause a high impact in peoples mind and help to promote changes in their behaviors. Nowadays, Shock advertisements are focused on communicates messages which have relation with health problems and its effects. Antismoking Campaigns have become popular because they used to work with shock images. That appeal to the most deepest peoples feelings..the effeteness of a shock ad depends on the way it appeal t audiences feelings , how the shock stimuli works for people to comprehend the messages and change their behavior..Shock ads can be a very useful tool to develop awareness in our society but it also can be offensive in the way they do not contribute to the society.

War in the Modern World :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  War in the Modern World War has fascinated the minds of the greats throughout history. Its concepts and understandings have been passed on to us through the few surviving works of those, whose lives were touched by war, in an ancient archive. Some saw war as an ordinary, inevitable phenomenon that has a place among natural order of human lives (Jacob Walter), while others interpreted it as devastating and terrible deviation from the natural order of things (W.T. Sherman). Over the course of our archival readings we have learned of war through the records from the Trojans in their leather sandals (Hector), the horsemen of Sherman’s brigades, the WWI soldiers with their new gas shells and machine guns, and eventually through the eyes of the jungle and desert warriors with their booby traps and air strikes. While ways and methods of war have changed with the course of time, people never seemed to have loosened their grip on war as they continued to rise to the call to arms and go to battle to kill and t o die. This is a crucial observation as it allows us to reason that, perhaps, war is an important part of human existence. People eat, sleep, make love, and make war.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Aside from the consistency of its occurrence throughout history, war also fascinates with its complexity, or, more directly—its irony. It could be mesmerizing and adventurous to some participants, and at the same time evil and hellish to others (O’Brian). It combines death, destruction, fear and atrocities unheard of in the times of peace, with courage, loyalty and passion—undoubtedly qualities we all admire. Based on the records of the archive I have come to believe that to best understand this concept of irony one must look at war as at least two conflicts in one. The first one is that of the nation’s leaders. It glorifies war, it tells tales of heroism and bravery and how it is a man’s duty to defend his motherland. The second one is personal war—the struggle with basic human dignity and morality in the face of the forgiving indifference that most soldiers, as evident from the archive, face at war (attitude of Ratâ€⠄¢s friends when he is blow apart, Dulce et Decorum Est). The fact of the matter is that both are right in their unique ways, they simply live in different realms and have different eyes that see war differently.

Controversial issues of traditional arts Essay

â€Å"Ulek Mayang† could be haunted. – it is a Malay traditional dance from the state of Terengganu in Malaysia accompanied by a unique song called Ulek Mayang – the lyrics were changed (no one knows the real lyrics) – the song remains popular and there are several contemporary interpretations of the song – the original dance is to honor the spirit of the sea. The modern dance has no elements of worship, it’s more to music and dance. – After the arrival of Islam, such practice has been stopped and the Ulek Mayang dance is only preserved to be part of the Malay culture. – Even now, Ulek Mayang is nicknamed the ‘Most Haunted Culture in Malaysia’.- However, some fishermen still practice this ritual. Agree: – Some people claim that the song is haunted because it gives goosebumps and creepy feelings especially when it is performed at sunset by the beach – People tend to avoid practising it nearby any beaches around the world, as according to the ancients’ beliefs; those 7 Sea-Princesses shall always guard the 7 Seas. Whoever that breaks certain rules, no matter where they are, will pay the price. There has been cases of tourists jumping into the sea for no reason after they performed Ulek Mayang along the north-eastern beaches of Peninsular Malaysia. Some cases happen on land too. Going missing and receiving ‘visits’ were the greatest fear whenever one performs Ulek Mayang. Disagree: – According to ustaz, Ulek Mayang is not a ghost or jin. It’s a popular song in Terengganu and is a type of â€Å"lagu rakyat†. – The Ulek Mayang song used nowadays has been shortened as Malays count the full song as ‘worshipping spirits’ which is syirik in Islam. – The Malaysian rock diva, Ella once sung the song in a rock version Poco poco – dance choreographed with sequence of steps. – it is a type of aerobic dance – believed to originated in Indonesia more than 20 years ago – Mesyuarat Jawatankuasa Fatwa Negeri Perak banned poco- poco because they believe it is derived from Christianity. Agree: – The dance originated from Jamaica and is actually a cult dance – There are many Christian rituals to it as the moves reflect the making of a cross and so is unacceptable in Islam Disagree: – The Malaysian Muslims are confused. – There is no any literature or practical evidence showing that poco-poco is derived from Christianity either in Indonesia, Philippine or Jamaica. – Poco poco movements with cross design can not be a sufficient justification because movement of left and right sides is a natural human movement. Even when human stretch his hands, it can be considered illegal if the method resembles the cross. Mahsuri’s curse: Myth or Legend? Summary: One day while Mahsuri’s husband was away fighting a war, Mahsuri offered shelter to a wandering minstrel. For that, Mahsuri was accused of committing adultery by the village chieftain’s wife. The village chieftain who was still smarting over Mahsuri’s rejection of his earlier marriage proposal, ordered Mahsuri to be condemned to death. It was said that at her execution Mahsuri bled white blood signifying her innocence. At her last breath, Mahsuri was said to utter a curse on Langkawi for which the island will remain barren for seven generations. Agree: – Many locals of Langkawi believe the legend to be true due to failed crops after Mahsuri’s death. – According to recorded history, the Siamese invaded Langkawi not long after Mahsuri’s death and razed the island to the ground with a scorched earth policy. And coincidentally, Langkawi did not become a major tourist hotspot until the birth of Wan Aishah bt Wan Nawawi, the seventh generation descendant of Mahsuri. Disagree: – Some people think Mahsuri’s story most likely is real and the killing of Mahsuri most likely took place, but the curse of Langkawi and her white blood must be a part of myth because there is no prove or evidence. – in this modern and science world, people think it’s logically untrue for a normal human being to have white blood

Catapults essays

Catapults essays Catapults were invented about 400 B.C. in the powerful Greek town called Syracus. These Greek engineers first constructed a small machine, called the Gastraphetes, sort of a crossbow. However, after they found out how good the smaller Gastraphetes were, they made a bigger one and put it on a carriage to transport it and added a windlass to cock the heavier machine. Some physical barriers prevented the Gastraphetes from getting any larger. So in the mid-forth century B.C. torsion springs were introduced, replacing the composite bow that was used in the Gastraphetes. The torsion spring consisted of a bundle of rope made from horsehair or sinew. This could get bigger and bigger as opposed to the Gastraphetes because they could just use more rope. The new catapults were now built with 2 torsion springs powering the catapult. Soon after that a new catapult was created and it was used in wars and it out rated the gastraphetes machines. In the 3rd century B.C. the 2 main types of catapults were standardized: the Euthytonon for shooting arrows and the Palintonon for throwing stone balls. About 100 A.D. the Romans redesigned the torsion artillery, developing quite different new arrow shooting machines. They are first shown on Trajans columns in Rome. The new catapult types remained in use until Late Antiquity. In this period another type of stone thrower was also developed, the Onager. The catapult was a special type of siege engine, a large device used to attack a fortress or a large or small city. Catapults were used in ancient and medieval warfare until the introduction of the gunpowder cannon in the 14th century. A catapult could hurl large stones, spears, or other projectiles at an enemy but there was one main problem: a catapult is very hard to aim and once it has been aimed at the target the enemy has probably already moved, defeating the whole purpose of trying to aim a catapult. They would have been better off shooting...

Indian Movies; Are They Bad essays

Indian Movies; Are They Bad essays People usually know more about their own culture, but people also know something about other cultures too, whether it is true or not. A white man's perspective may be very different than an Indians perspective when it comes to the Indian culture. I once fell into that white man's category and thought Indians were evil, worthless, and scary. Well, it came from watching movies that have portrayed Indians that way. Many movies such as the famous John Wayne movie The Searchers, have made the Indian culture look like they are no better than dirt. While there are many of these mythical Indian movies, there are hardly any movies such as Smoke Signals, that portray who Indians really are. Thus, the majority of Indian movies, which were made by white people, have negatively influenced Indian culture with stereotypes that are very hateful towards the Indian culture. Why is it that when little kid's play Cowboys and Indians they almost always want to be the Cowboy? My mother told me a true story about this little Indian kid from church. My mom was at church and she watched as this little Indian kid wanted to play cowboys and Indians with this other kid. They both started to argue about who was going to be the cowboy because they both wanted to be him. Doesn't that seem weird that no matter what culture kids are brought up in they still want to be the cowboy? I wonder why, maybe because the cowboys are portrayed as being good, and the Indian are portrayed as being bad in almost all of the old western movies. Nobody wants to be the bad guy. Western movies have perverted our perception of Indians and have made it difficult for us to know or understand Indian culture. Few images are more corrupted than that of the American Cowboy and Indian movies. There are many of these movies and usually there are no Indian characters, no individuals with a personal history or even a point of view about the ...

Racism by culture Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Racism by culture - Research Paper Example What is this survived "dinosaur" of the last eras called racism? The given work will explain the essence of the modern racism and prove that the roots of racist ideas are in the educational and cultural environment a person is brought up in. Racism is the set of views, based on the ideas of physical and intellectual inequality of human races and of the decisive influence of racial distinctions on history and culture. There is also a little broader definition of racism that can be found in encyclopedias, which state that racial signs impose decisive influence on abilities, intelligence, moral and behavioral features and traits of people’ s character (Flanagan et al 515). Racism includes the ideas about initial division of people into the highest and the lowest races, the first of which are the founders of the civilization, thus they want and should dominate over the second. â€Å"Racism is the overarching societal paradigm that tolerates, accepts, and reinforces racial inequalities, and is associated with racially unequal opportunities for children to learn and thrive. Racial inequalities result in the discriminatory treatment of people of minority status. For instance, individuals from historically marginalized racial groups may be perceived as less worthy or less intelligent than those from the majority culture. At the same time, children or communities from the majority culture are allowed to maintain their established privileged and valued status. This privilege can result in better treatment and opportunities than are afforded to others within educational systems and other social institutions. The presence of racism in educational settings harms everyone, but has the most negative and lasting impact on racial minority groups† (Racism, prejudice, and discrimination).The implementation of racist theories in practice

Issues In International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Issues In International Business - Essay Example With the expansion of the cross-cultural features in international business, cross-cultural communication and intercultural negotiation are identified as important considerations for conducting business operations (Okoro, 2013). Recently, working culture is considered an important factor for conducting operations sustainably. In this context, entrepreneurs are providing managers with few special tours to the targeted countries with the aim of providing training to understand the work culture of those countries. Respectively, in immigration, managers are required to possess cross cultural communication skills for conducting business operations with better sustainability. This type of global exposure enables the representatives of these companies to collect information about the cultural values and practices, so that working culture in those countries are based on the cultural principles practiced. Internationalization in the business field helps to inter-connect political policies and economic policies of the various countries with each other (Georgia Department of Education, 2008). The objective of the study is to describe the importance of the cultural factor in international business. In this context, the study highlights several cultural features in the business context of two countries that include Singapore and United Kingdom. The study will also discuss about the impact of culture on international business. The UK is often identified to be a rich country in terms of economic growth, business operations and culture. In the context of international business, the UK is popular for expansion of business and establishing relationship based culture in the business environment. There are several reasons for selection the UK as a host country for selecting as an appropriate location for international business. The main reason for selecting the UK as a host country to conduct

American Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American Politics - Essay Example They act as spotlights when they highlight a particular issue that is being advocated by different political parties and their members. Lastly, they perform the role of talent scouts as they publicize the private as well as the public lives of politicians. The most commonly and overplayed function of media is the role of being spotlights as they tend to highlight different issues in order to gain public attention. This can be both good and bad for the American government and the political system. This role becomes challenging for the government because due to this role, the public gains awareness about different issues and some of these issues might not have been made public or the government may want those issues to remain hidden from the public. Since issues are spotlighted by the media, certain fractions of the government try to gain public backing for these issues in order to force the government to tackle these issues. For example: the issue of gay marriage has been highly highlighted by the media and this has provided certain political fractions and public members to gain support from the public for the acceptance of gay marriages as a legal form of

Police Brutality Essay Example for Free

Police Brutality Essay Most of us have seen the videotape of police officers savagely beating Rodney King. But how typical was this behavior? The Rodney King incident is not representative of most police officers around the country. Television shows, newscasts, and written media exacerbate the problem when they do not focus on the criminal as the root of the problem. [C]urrent images of the police are drawn largely from television programs bearing little resemblance to reality (Delattre 29). Police brutality is a matter of serious concern, but it is not as prevalent as the media would have us believe. Police brutality is not a national crisis. Rodney King has become synonymous with police brutality. But what is police brutality? Bornstein states that [p]olice brutality is the use of excessive force by police officers (39). Most police are trained to use only the minimum amount of force necessary to control a given situation. The decision to use force is often made on a split second basis usually under difficult circumstances. The boundaries between justified and excessive force can sometimes be blurred under these circumstances. Under one set of circumstances, a particular action might be considered justified, but under differing circumstances, the same action might be considered brutality. Most cops do not like to hurt people; cops sometimes use unnecessary force. They also use extraordinary restraint (Sulc 80). Many police officers feel anguish after using fully justified force; few take pleasure in it. There are great strains on individual police officers: competing responsibilities, values, temptations, fears, and expectations. Police officers are called on to be patient mediators, skilled therapists, effective admonishers, daring crime fighters, obedient members of paramilitary agencies, etc. In the midst of these requirements is the violence inherent in police work. Police officers often witness women battered by husbands and boyfriends, children burned and broken by parents, pedestrians maimed by drunk drivers, teachers raped by students, and innocent strangers savaged by predators in  our streets. Even so, most police do not have a bunker mentality. They go on the force knowing what they will have to encounter. They like their jobs and are ready and able to stand the pressureusually. Some police adjust poorly to the pressures of police work. They become cynical from the danger, the perceived failure of the system, and the repetitiveness of their work. Some police officers despair over the violence, suffering, hopelessness, and ignorance they encounter every day. Even so, the majority of police officers continue the performance of their duties without resorting to brutality. In spite of the seriousness of the publicized incidents, far more serious than police brutalit y is the frequency of assault and murder perpetrated against the police. According to the U.S. Department of Justices Police Use of Force, 44.6 million people, or 21% of the population had face to face contact with police during 1996. Police contacts that resulted in the use of force or the threat of force totaled only five hundred thousand, or one percent of the total. Often times the use of force was preceded by some provocative action. Criminals often threaten the officer, assault the officer, argue or interfere with an arrest, posses a weapon, try to escape, elude, or resist arrest. After accounting for justified use of force, which is inherent in police work, less than one quarter of one percent of police contacts resulted in questionable use of force. This is hardly an epidemic. Given the small number of cases, a preliminary conclusion that could be drawn is that use of force is rare in police-citizen contacts and it is often accompaniedby some possibly provocative behavior (Police 14). On the flip side, if the media cares to report the flip side, 46,695 police officers were assaulted in 1996 (United States 65), resulting in 14,985 injuries and 55 deaths (United States 3). The statistics show that police officers are brutalized three thousand seven hundred and sixty times more frequently than criminals are. Americans are well served with professional dedication and with frequent instances of physical courage. The people who stand between violence and the public are the police. Sometimes criminals do not want to cooperate, but police are still expected to arrest them. Most police officers abhor  violence and despise fellow officers who use excessive force. Police brutality is not the epidemic we are led to believe it is. Let police do their job, if they violate the law, prosecute them as individuals without condemning every police officer in the country. Works Cited Borenstein, Jerry. Police Brutality. New Jersey: Enslow, 1993. Delattre, Edwin J. Character and Cops: Ethics in Policing. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute of Public Policy Research, 1989. Police Use of Force Bureau of Justice Statistics Website. 22 November 1998. Sulc, Lawrence. Police Brutality Is Not a Widespread Problem. Policing the Police. Ed. Paul A. Winters. San Diego: 1995. 79. United States. Department of Justice Federal Bureau of Investigation, Criminal Justice Information Services Division. Law Enforcement Officers Killed and Assaulted. Washington, DC: GPO, 1997

The Positive Impact of Being a Disciple of Jesus Essays -- Papers

Being a Disciple of Jesus and Its Effect on a Person's Life Depending on who you are and where you come from, "good effect" can have a number of meanings. Some people can say that a "good effect" is taking heed of God's message to love one another, and showing kindness in little ways, or a "good effect" can mean deciding to give up your life to devote it to poor people or the sick, or by becoming a priest. However "good effect" can mean deciding to change your life from sinful ways, like drinking too much, taking drugs, or being a child abuser, and following God, and repenting for what you have done. Also, some people think that being rich and famous, and having lots of possessions is "good," or simply being thankful for having your family near you. Some people think that being a follower of Christ gives you something to believe in and someone to use as a role model, to mould their behaviour on. This would have a good effect because they would be spreading the word of God and also, they would be helping people, by ...

Problem Based Learning Essay

Students do not learn much just sitting in classes listening to teachers, memorizing pre-packaged assignments, and spitting out answers. They must talk about what they are learning, write about it, relate it to past experiences, and apply it to their daily lives. They must make what they learn part of themselves. † Explain how you will conceptualise this principle in your classroom? | There is a saying that goes: â€Å"Give a man a fish; you’ll feed him for a day. Teach a man how to fish; you’ll feed him for a lifetime. † As an educator, I hold on firmly to saying above. When I first started teaching, I told myself that I can either be a teacher who is only concerned about what need to be taught or I can be a teacher who is concerned about what and how something is supposed to be taught. I chose the latter. Why? Students had spent more than 12 years of learning in schools where most of the time, they sit and listen to what the teacher is teaching. Little or less participation on their behalf is incorporated during those 12 years. The main objective is to pass 3 ‘big and important’ examinations in 12 years. Sad to say, they soon forget a big chunk of what they had been learning for the past 12 years immediately after they finish their last paper for SPM. This is because students are only made to remember what they are taught; not to retain them. You can remember information for a specific length of time before you forget about it; but if you can retain that information, you’ll remember it forever. Let’s take mathematic as an example. We were taught how to do simple calculations such as addition since we were 6 years old. We not only learn how to add numbers in class, we also use it in our daily lives too. In a much simple terms, we practice what we learn in school and incorporate it into our daily lives. We retain the skills to do additions by doing and practicing. What about additional mathematics? Frankly speaking, if I was given a set of additional mathematics questions today, I would not be able to solve even the simplest question. Why? Because I did not use any of the formulas I was taught in school in my daily lives. I did not retain the information. Students are unique. They might not have the same way of learning. Lecturers and educators must be aware of their student’s ability in order to make the teaching and learning process a success. â€Å"Students have different levels of motivation, different attitudes about teaching and learning, and different responses to specific classroom environments and instructional practices. † (Brent and Felder, 2005) That is why, students learn best when they are incorporated and is actively involved during the learning process. The traditional method of teaching is more concerned on what the student should learn rather than how the student should be learning. In my class, I use Problem Based Learning (PBL) method. PBL is a new method of learning where there is a balance between what the students should learn and how they should be learning. â€Å"This new approach to learning is bringing about new ways in which students are involved in the learning process. Teachers know that students do not learn at their highest potential when they are in a classroom where the teacher stands at the front of the room and gives them knowledge. † (Utecht, 2003) During class, I encourage my students to speak and share information that they have on the topic. Before I start my lecture, I would first brainstorm the idea of the topic with my students. Initially, students would be reluctant to participate because they are afraid of saying the wrong answer. I encourage them saying that â€Å"if it is an opinion, there is no right or wrong answer†. Students in universities are andragogy learners; they are adult learners. As an adult, they would like to have more control of their own learning. â€Å"Andragogy reorients adult educators from educating people to helping them learn. The methods used may range from isolated instruction within a curriculum or integrated instruction. It may also encompass intentional and unintentional learning situations. † (Crawford, 2004) This type of students would be more interested to learn if they are given more power and control in the learning process. There are six assumptions on andragogy learners: 1. Adults need to know the reason for learning something (Need to Know) 2. Experience  (including  error) provides the basis for learning activities (Foundation). 3. Adults need to be responsible for their decisions on education; involvement in the  planning  and  evaluation  of their instruction (Self-concept). 4. Adults are most interested in learning subjects having immediate  relevance  to their work and/or personal lives (Readiness). 5. Adult learning is  problem-centred rather than content-oriented (Orientation). 6. Adults respond better to internal versus external motivators (Motivation). (Malcom Knowles, 1977) I planned and carry out my teaching and learning process using the 6 assumptions as my main guidance. Most of the time during class, I allow my students to voice out their opinion and share what they have to say on certain topics. I also let them know the objective of the learning and what they will acquire at the end of the class. If they feel that they did not achieve what they should at the end of the lesson, I encourage them to share their problems with their classmates so that they can come up with the solutions together. During my lecturer, I use simple examples which they can easily connect with in their daily lives. I usually share my experience and ask them to share theirs with the class. It takes the seriousness out of the learning process and students felt more comfortable sharing their problems and experience. For me, a relaxed and simple learning environment will encourage the students to be more active and not be reluctant to join in the discussions. A rigid classroom will make the students as cold as ice. Before I started teaching, I told myself to be the teacher that u have never had; the teacher I want to have but did not. I want my students to them around me and to not be ashamed to tell what they have in mind, because I believe the most valuable knowledge is the knowledge that we shared. References Brent. R, & Felder M. R. (2005). Understanding students’ differences. Journal of Engineering Education, 94(1), 57-72 Crawford S. R (2004). Andragogy – Malcolm Knowles. Retrieved March 21 from http://academic. regis. edu/ed205/Knowles. pdf Knowles, M. S. (1973). The Adult Learner: A Neglected Species. Houston:  Gulf Publishing Company. Utecht R. J. (2003). Problem Based Learning in Student Centred Classroom. Retrieved March 21 from http://www. jeffutecht. com/docs/PBL. pdf

Business in context

What responses do you have to the reading or video e. G. Fresh understandings, opinions, Insights or questions? What connections does the related additional reading or video have with the required reading or video? How does It reinforce or critique the ideas In the required reading/evolved? This reading presents us the approach of utilitarianism, real life cases that related to utilitarianism, three common mistakes that people usually make when they applying Utilitarianism and the difficulties of measuring utility.Case 1 When Ford motor company was having dilemma of modifying pinto's gas tank or keep the original design, they chose to use utilitarian approach to calculate the utility of tooth options and the result Is cost over benefit, so they chose to risk their customers' lives rather than correcting their poorly designed cars. Case 2 Lawrence summers The director of the white house wrote a memo that proposed shipping wastes form rich countries to poor countries is a beneficial ac tion to world's welfare and he make 4 arguments and I think the first 3 are supported by utilitarianism. Understandings: utilitarianism support that the right action is one that produces the most utility and minimizing the negatives, and the utility that reduced by the action Is not only for the person performing the action but also for all person involved in the action. Question: In the end of the reading it clearly states that health and life is beyond measuring, but Ford company and Lawrence they are putting a price on each person. Is not it would considering as an UN-ethical action? If it is not then I think we are nothing but slaves In this world.In my opinion the additional video is not quit related to the required reading. Peter singer's ethics says that every Individual has their own interests and It Is perfectly normal that we want to spend our money on expensive reduces under our own desires, but it will be considering as ethical action if a person spend money on contribut ing the would instead of buying luxuries. And he also states that the purpose of life is making the world a better place by one's actions and presence. Lecture 2 Required Reading Reference: Shaw, W. Barry, B. & Sandburs, G. (2009). Moral issues In business (1st Asia-Pacific De. ). Melbourne, Australia: Coinage (Kantian ethics). Up 71-78 Lecture 2 Dilation Reading Reference: California Newsreel. (2008, December 2). Health for Sale . Retrieved from: http:// www. Youth. Com/watch? V=Jukeboxes Record a brief description of what the required reading was about. What responses do you have to the reading or video e. G. Fresh understandings, opinions, insights or questions?What connections does the related additional reading or video have with the required reading or video? How does It reinforce or critique the Ideas In the required reading/evolved? Kantian ethics consequences are, and the performer must motive by good wills. An action might looks like an ethical action but if it was motive by self-interests or there concerns then this action will be considering as lack of moral worth (recording to the shop assistant case) Formulate an universal law that applies on all our actions is what Kant wanted.And this categorical imperative rule is the measurement of ethic or UN-ethic. Understanding: After reading this article I realized that everything we do has a propose, if the foundation of the propose is good will then it is ethical, but if the propose is not based on good will then it is not ethical. Question: What if an action is following one's good will but in the same time it might break the universal law? This video is about UN-ethical behaviors of the world pharmaceutical market. 5% of drags were used on 11% of the people who need them and can afford them, But only 15% of drags were used on 89% of people who need them but do not have the money to buy them. And some drags are no longer producing because the people who need them could not afford them, the poor people are not the target of pharmaceutical market. This kind of behaviors is UN-ethical because drags were meant to help people not only focus on making profit, companies ignored the poor is not an action of good will recording to Kantian theory.

Profile of Serial Killer John Eric Armstrong

Profile of Serial Killer John Eric Armstrong John Eric Armstrong was a 300-pound, former U.S. Navy sailor, who was known for being mild-mannered and who had an innocent child-like look, so much so, that while in the Navy he was nicknamed Opie by his mates. Armstrong joined the Navy in 1992 when he was 18 years old. He served seven years on the Nimitz aircraft carrier. During his time in the Navy he received four promotions and earned two Good Conduct medals. When he left the Navy in 1999, he and his wife moved to Deaborn Heights, a working-class neighborhood in Michigan. He got a job with Target retail stores and later with the Detroit Metropolitan Airport refueling airplanes.   Those who lived around the Armstrongs thought of John as a good neighbor and stand-up guy who was a committed husband and devoted father to his 14-month-old son.   A Call to the Police Detroit investigators became suspicious of Armstrong after he contacted them in regards to a body he saw floating in the Rouge River. He told the police that he was walking on the bridge when suddenly he felt ill and leaned over the bridge and saw the body. Police pulled the body of 39-year-old Wendy Joran out of the river. Joran was known to the police. She was an active drug user and prostitute. Investigators noted that Jorans murder was very similar to a string of murders of prostitutes which had recently occurred. Police Suspect Armstrong Investigators looking into the possibility that a serial killer was murdering local prostitutes found Armstrongs walking along the bridge story to be highly suspicious. They decided to place him under surveillance. Once they had Jorans DNA and other evidence collected they went to Armstrongs home and requested a blood sample and asked if they could collect fibers from around his home and from the inside of his car. Armstrong agreed and allowed the investigative inside his home. Through DNA testing the investigators were able to link Armstrong to one of the murdered prostitutes, but they wanted to wait to get a full report from the testing lab before they arrested Armstrong. Then on April 10, three more bodies were discovered is various stages of decomposition.   Investigators set up a task force and began interviewing local prostitutes. Three of the prostitutes admitted to having sex with Armstrong. All three of women described his baby-like face and   the 1998 black Jeep Wrangler that Armstrong drove. They also said that after having sex, Armstrong appeared to go crazy and tried to strangle them. Arrest On April 12, police arrested Armstrong for the murder of Wendy Joran. It did not take long for Armstrong to crack under pressure. He told investigators that he hated prostitutes and that he was 17 years old when he first committed murder. He also confessed to killing other prostitutes in the area and to 12 other murders that he committed around the world while he was in the Navy. The list included murders in Hawaii, Hong Kong, Thailand, and Singapore, and Israel.   He later recanted his confessions Trial and Conviction In March 2001, Armstrong went on trial for the murder of Wendy Joran. His lawyers tried to prove that Armstrong was insane, but their efforts were unsuccessful. On July 4, 2001, Armstrong bargained down to a plea of second-degree murder, and as a result he was sentenced to 31 years of life in prison for the murders of Brown, Felt and Johnson. All together he received two life sentences plus 31 years as punishment for his killings. Armstrong later said that he began killing prostitutes after his high school girlfriend broke up with him for another man, who he claimed seduced her with gifts. He viewed it as a form of prostitution and began his killing spree as an act of revenge. FBI Launches an International Investigation The FBI continued to try to connect Armstrong to similar unsolved murders in countries such as Thailand, and all other places Armstrong was based while in the Navy.

Courtship essays

Courtship essays Over time the once universal definition of courtship has become a manifestation of one's personal beliefs and values. The once formal structure of courtship is now an individual meeting process. However there are still some formalities to the process. Every couple has a story of how they met. Many couples are high school sweethearts, others meet through mutual friends. Joe and Eileen Marini met in court. The story begins in the summer of 1975, in the town of Wildwood, NJ. One night after partying at the local dance club, a lively group of young men return to their hotel room to finish off the evening with a few drinks. Once inside, they began acting wildly and someone broke down a door separating the room adjacent to theirs. Inside the second room was a group of young women settling in after a long day of bathing in the ocean. After removing the uninvited guest from their room the girls decided to get some rest and settle the problem the following morning. On the proceeding morning two of the girls went next door to talk over the situation with the guys. When they knocked on the door a young gentleman, who had been absent the night before, answered. His name was Joseph Marini, and the two girls were Cathy Holland and Eileen Carew. The girls sat and discussed what would be done to absolve the situation and the gentlemen agreed to pay for damages. Of course, the owner of the hotel was not as forgiving as the girls. The case was assigned a court date and the fines would be accessed at that time. Following their fiasco the two groups went on their separate ways, except for one lucky meeting. After shopping downtown, Eileen and Cathy returned to the hotel to shower and prepare for the night. In the parking lot they crossed paths with the young man that had answered the door that morning. They began talking and Eileen took the liberty to invite Joe to join them at the dance club that night. On their first date, Eilee...